The current scientific consensus is messy but not mysterious: NOVA is the common way researchers define ultra-processed foods, and diets high in them are repeatedly linked with poorer diet quality and worse health outcomes.
That does not mean every packaged food is a problem. It means the more a diet leans on foods built mostly from refined ingredients, additives, and convenience engineering, the easier it is to overeat and the harder it is to get enough fiber and micronutrients.
A practical rule is simple: use the label as a clue, not a religion. If a food looks like a snack food wearing a health costume, trade some of it for fruit, grains, beans, vegetables, dairy, eggs, or plain protein instead.
Sources
This is general information, not professional medical advice. For decisions about your situation, talk to a qualified professional.
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